SALMON AS POPULAR FOOD

Salmon is a popular food in Malaysia.Classified as an "oily fish",salmon is considered to be healthy due to the fish hight protein, high omega-3 fatty acids, and high vitamin D content.Salmon is also a source of cholesterol,with range of 23-214 mg/100g depending on the species.According to reports in the journal Science, however, farmed salmon may containhigh levels of dioxins,PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) level may be up to eight times higher in farmed salmon then in wild salmon.

Omega-3 content may also be lower than in wild caught specimens, and in a different propotion to what is found naturally.Omega-3 comes in three types, ALA, DHA and EPA; wild salmon has traditionally been an important source of DHA and EPA, which are important for brain function and structure, among other things.This mean if the farmed salmon is fed on a meal which is portially grain, then the amount of omega-3 it contain will be present as ALA(alpha-linolenic acid).The body can itself convert ALA omega-3 in to DHA and EPA, but at a very inefficient rate (2-15%). Nonetheless, is according to a 2006 study published in the journal of the American Medical Association, the benefits of eatingeven farmed salmon still outweigh any risks imposed by contaminants.The type of omega-3 present may not be a factor for other important health functions.

A simple rule of thumb is that the vast majority of atlantic salmon available on the world market are farmed (greater than 99%), whwreas the majority on Pacific salmon are wild-cought (greater than 80%).Farmed Atlantic salmon outnumber wild Atlantic salmon 85-to-1

filet of Atlantic salmon.

Raw salmon sashimi

Salmon flesh is generally orange to red, although three are some examples of white flashed wild salmon, the natural colour of salmon result from crotenoid pigments largely astaxanthin but alsocanthaxanthin, in the flesh. Wild salmon get these carotenoid from eating krill and other tiny shellfish. Becouse consumers have shown a artificial colorants to the feed of farmed salmon., becouse prepared diets do not naturally contain this pigments.In most cases, the astaxathin is made chemically is the use of dried red yeast, which provides the same pigment.

However synthetic mixture are the least expensive option.Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant that stimulates the developent of healthy fish nervous systems and enhances the fish,s fertility and growth rate.Research has revealed canthaxanthin may have negative effect on the humaneye,accumulating in the retina at high level of consumtion.Today , the concentration of carotenoids (mainly canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) exceeds 8 mg/kg of flesh, and all fish producers try to reach a level that represents a value of 16 on the "Roche Color Card" , a colour card use to show how pink the fish will appear at specific doses.

This scale is specific for measuring the pink colour due to astaxanthin and is not  for the orange hue obtained  with canthaxanthin. The development  of processing and storage opration, which can be detrimantal on canthaxanthin fleshconcentration, has led to an increased quantity og pigment added to the diet to compensate for the degrading effects of the processing, in wild fish,carotenoid levels of up to 25 mg are present, but levels of canthaxanthin are,in contrast, minor.

Canned salmon in the US is usually wild Pacific catch though some farmed salmon is available in canned form. Smoked salmon is another popular preparation method, and can either be hot or cold smoked. Lox can refer either to cold smoked salmon or to salmon cured in a brine solution (also called gravlax,).Traditional canned salmon includes some skin (which is harmless) and bone (which adds calcium).Skinless and boneless canned salmon is also available.

Raw salmon flesh may contain Anisakis nematodes, marine parasites that couse Anisakiasis. Before the availability of refrigeration, the Japanese did not consume raw salmon. Salmon and salmon roe have only recently come into use in making sashimi (raw fish) and sushi

SALMON FISH: SALMON FISH

SALMON FISH: SALMON FISH: "Do you know what is Salmon fish ?. Let see my blog"

LIVE CYCLE OF SALMON FISH AND SPECIES SALMON

PrincipalPacific Salmon species: sockeye,chum,coastal,cutthroat trout,chinook,coho,steelhead and pink

Male ocean phase Coho Salmon

 

or

 

Male Freshwater Phase Chinook

 

 

LIVE CYCLE


Salmon eggs are laid in freshwater streams typically at hight latitudes.The eggs hatch into alevin or sac fry. The fry quickly develope into parr with cmouflaging vertical stripes.The parr stay for 6 months to three years in their natal stream befe becoming smolts, which are distinguished by their bright silvery colour with scales that are 10% of all salmon eggs survive to his stage. The smolt body chemistry changes, allowing them to livein salt water. Smolts spend a portion of their out-migration time in brackish water., where their body chemistry becomes accustomed to osmoregulation in the ocean.


The salmon spend about one to five years (depending on the species) in the open ocean where they gradually become sexually mature.The adult salmon then ruturn primarily to their natal stream to spawn. In alaska, the crossing-over to other streams allows salmon to populate new strem, such as those that emerge as a glacier retreats. The precise method salmon use to navigate has not been established, thought their keen sense of smell is involved.

Atlantic salmon spend between one and four years at sea.(When a fish returns after just one years sea feeding it is called a grilse  in Canada, the UK and Ireland). Prior to spawning,depending on the species, salmon undergo changes.They may gro a hump, develope canine teeth, develope a kype (a pronounced curvature of the jaws in male salmon).


All will change  from the slivery blue of a fresh run fish from the sea to a darker color.Salmon can make amazing journeys, sometimes moving hundreds of miles upstream against strong currents and rapids to reproduce. Chinook and Sockeye salmon from central Idaho, for example,travel over 900 miles (1,400 km) and climb nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m) from the Pacific ocean as they return to spawm

Condition tends to deteriorate the longer the fish remain in fresh water, and they then deteriorate further after they spawn,When they are known as kelts . Inall species of Pacific salmon, the mature individuals die within a few days or weeks of spawning, a trait known as semelparity.Between 20% and 4% of Atrantic salmon kelts survive to spawn more then one (interoparity), post-spawning mortality is quite high (perhaps as hight as 40 to 50%.)

To lay her roe, the female salmon use her tail (caudal fin), to create a low-pressure zone. Lifting gravel to be swept downstream, excavating shallow depression, called a redd . The redd may somtimes contain 5,000 eggs covering 30 square  feet (28 m). The eggs usually range from orange to red.One or more males will approach the female in her redd, depositing his sperm, or milt, over the roe. The female then covers the eggs by disturbing the gravel at the  upstream edge of the depression before moving on to make another redd.The female will make as many as 7 redds before her suplly of eggs ia exhausted.

Each year, the fish experiences a period of rapid growth, often in summer, and one of slower growth, normally in winter. The results in rings (annuli) analogous to the growth  rings visible in a tree trunk. Freshwater growth shows as densely crowded rings, sea growth as widely spaced rings:spawning is marked by significant erosion as body mass is converted into eggs and milt.

Freshwater streams and estuaries provide important habitat for many salmon species.They feed on terrestrial and aquatic insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily on other fish when older. Eggs are laid in deeper water with larger gravel, and need cool water and good water flow (to supply oxygen) to the developing embryos.Mortality of salmon in the early life stage is usually high due to natural predention and human-induced changes in habitat such as siltation, high water temperatures, low oxygen concentration, los of stream cover, and reductions in river flow.Estuaries and their associations wetland provide vital nursery areas for the salmon prior to their departure to the open ocean. Wetland not only help buffer the estuary from silt and pollutants,but also provide important feeding and hiding area

Atlantic Salmon

 

Eggs in different stages of development, In some only a few cell grow on topof the yolk,in the lower right the blood vessels surround the yolk and in the upper left the black eyes are visible, even the little lens.

 

Salmon fry hatching---the baby has grown around the remains of the yolk --- visible are the arteries spinning around the yolk and little oildrops also the guts, the spine, the main caudal blood vessel, the bladder and the arcs of the gills


S P E C I E S

The various species of salmon have many names andvarying behaviors.
ATLANTIC OCEAN SPECIES

The Atlantic ocean has only one species of salmon, in the ganus Salmo

• Atlantic salmon, or salmon,(Salmo salar) reproduce in northem rivers on both coasts of the ocean.
• Land-locked salmon (Salmo salar m.sebago} live in Northern Europe, for instance in lakes Omega, Ladoga, Saimaa and Vanern. They are not a different species from the atlantic salmon, but have independently evoloved a non-migratory life cycle, which they maintain even when they can access the ocean.
• Cherry salmon or Seema (Oncorhynchus masou) is found in the western Pacific Ocean i Japan, Korea and Russia.There is also a Landlocked subspecies known as the Taiwanese salmon or Formosan Salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanum) in central Taiwan"s Chi Chia Wan Stream.
• Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is also known in the USA as King BlackmouthSalmon, and as Spring Salmon in British Colombia.Chinook are the largest of all Pacific  salmon, Frequently exceeding 30 Ib (14 kg). The name Tyee is used in British Colombia to refer to Chinook over 30 pounds.Chinook salmon are known to range as far north as the Mackenzie River and Kungluktuk in the central Cnadian artic.
• Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)  is known as Dog, Keta, or Calico salmon in some part of the USA. This species has the widest geographic range of the Pacific species: south to the Sacramento River in California in the eastern Pasific and the island of Kyushu in the sea of Japan in the western Pasific: north to the Mckenzie River in Canada in the east and to the Lena River in Siberia in the west.
• Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus Kisutch) is also known in the USA as Silver salmon This species is found throughtout the coastal waters of Alaska and British Colombia and up most clear-running streams and rivers.It is also now known to occur, albeit infrequently, in the Mackenzie River.
• Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), known as humpies in sought east and south west Alaska, are found from northern California and Korea, throughtout the northern Pacific, and from the Mackenzie River in Canada to the Lena River in Siberia,usually in shoter coastal streams. It is the smallest  of the Pacific species, with an average weight of 3.5 Ib (1.6 kg ) to 4 Ib (1.8 kg) .
• Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is also knownin the USA as Red salmon. This lake-rearing species is found south as far as the Klamath River in California in the eastern Pacific and northern Hokkaido Island in Japan in the western Pacific and as far north as Bathurst Inlet in the Canadian Artic in the east and the Anadyr River in Siberia in the west. Although most adult Pacific salmon feed on small fish, shrimp and squid:sockeye feed on plankton that they filter through gill rakers.Kokanee salmon is a land-locked from of sockeye salmon.

Danube salmon (Hucho hucho),the largest permanen fresh water salmonid species

Retrieved from"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"
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SALMON

Salmon is the common name for several species of the family Salmonidae.Several other fish in the family are called trout; the deference is often said to be that salmon migrate and trout are resident. Distinction that hold true for the Salmo genus.Salmon live along the coasts of both the North Atlantic (one migratory species Salmo solar) and Pacific Oceans (approximately a dozen species of the genus Oncorhynchus), as well as having been introduced in to the Great Lake of North America.

Tipically, salmon are anadromous:they are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce.However, there are populations of several species that are restricted to fresh water through their life.Folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they were born to spawn; tracking studies have shown this to true, and this homing behavier has been shown to depend on olfactory memory. Salmon are intensively produced in aquaculture in many part of the world.

From Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia.

SALMON FISH

Do you know what is Salmon fish ?. Let see my blog